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出生前後空氣污染暴露對大台北地區兒童二歲前發展及呼吸道健康之影響

為了解決JLL 104的問題，作者鄒明倫 這樣論述：

近年來研究學者主張早期的環境暴露會影響兒童終生的發展，尤其重視胎兒及兒童出生早期的暴露情形。目前已有研究指出空氣污染暴露可能不利於兒童發展及呼吸道健康，但是結果仍不一致。差異除了可能源於研究設計及暴露評估方式外，未考量室內空氣污染、住家附近環境特性與父母親的精神健康等重要共變項，也可能影響到觀察結果。臺灣位處空氣污染較嚴重的亞洲地區，雖屬中低度空氣污染國家，但非常重視相關污染物引起的健康危害，然而鮮少完整評估空氣污染和前述共變項的研究。為此，本研究的主要目的是在控制土地利用型態、家庭環境特徵及父母親精神健康及其他重要干擾及修飾因子之下，以一系列研究方式分別探討（一）出生前後戶外空氣污染暴

露對兒童二歲前發展之影響；（二）出生前後戶外空氣污染暴露對兒童二歲前呼吸道健康之影響；（三）住家室內外空氣污染暴露對學齡前兒童發展及呼吸道健康之影響。 本系列研究對象是選自一大台北地區出生世代調查。本研究納入有回覆六個月、一歲及二歲世代追蹤問卷的家庭（分別為228、361及441個），同時亦自世代調查中招募142個家庭進行住家室內外環境測量。世代兒童的發展狀況及呼吸道健康情形是蒐集自歷次世代調查資料；參與環境測量家庭的兒童發展則是透過心理師以標準化量表進行評估，呼吸道健康則是以問卷調查評估。兒童出生前後空氣污染暴露評估是以大台北地區18個環保署空氣品質監測站資料，結合空間內插法（Ordina

ry kriging）估算母親懷孕期間與兒童出生後至二歲前不同時期的暴露情形（包括懸浮微粒、臭氧、一氧化碳、一氧化氮、二氧化氮及二氧化硫）。室內空氣污染則是利用直讀式儀器及主動式採樣器，測量住家室內外空氣污染物（包括懸浮微粒、甲醛、臭氧、一氧化碳、揮發性有機化合物、真菌孢子與塵蟎過敏原等）。土地利用型態是以環域分析方式，估算住家附近各特定土地利用型態的面積、長度及數量；家庭環境特徵則是以結構式問卷評估。父母親精神健康狀態是以標準量表隨附在歷次的世代研究追蹤調查問卷中進行評估。空氣污染與兒童發展及呼吸道健康的相關性利用多變項迴歸模式（線性及羅吉斯迴歸）進行分析。 研究結果顯示，室外空氣污染除粒

徑≤2.5μm之懸浮微粒（PM2.5）以外，其餘平均濃度皆符合我國空氣品質標準。室內空氣品質除部分家戶源於通風不良及搬遷新家或重新裝潢導致總揮發性有機化合物（TVOC）及甲醛濃度超出標準外，其餘皆符合標準。在控制相關因素後，本研究觀察到母親懷孕期間粒徑≤10μm之懸浮微粒（PM10）、臭氧、一氧化碳及兒童出生後二氧化氮暴露濃度較高與兒童發展較差有相關性。兒童出生後PM2.5和臭氧暴露濃度與兒童頻繁發生呼吸道症狀具顯著正相關。住家TVOC及甲醛濃度較高與兒童發展較差有相關性，室內外真菌孢子（Aspergillus/Penicillium）濃度則與兒童過敏性鼻炎增加的風險有關。一些住家附近的土地利

用型態（例如交通及商業相關用地、電力設施等）及家庭環境特徵（例如燒香、購買新傢俱等）不利於兒童健康。父母親精神狀況亦會影響兒童發展與呼吸道健康。 本系列研究是第一篇同時控制住家附近土地利用型態（第三、四及五章）、住家環境特徵（第五章）及父母親精神健康（第三、四及五章）與其他共變因子之下，探討空氣污染與兒童發展及呼吸道健康的相關性。總結而言，本研究結果觀察到室內外空氣污染顯著不利於學齡前兒童發展及呼吸道健康。懷孕期間暴露可能是兒童發展的敏感時期，而兒童出生後暴露則可能是兒童呼吸道健康的敏感時期。住家附近土地利用型態、家庭環境特徵及父母親精神健康是可能的干擾因子，建議未來類似研究應加以控制。兒童

的居住環境對於其未來發展至關重要，建議父母親宜謹慎規劃，同時本研究結果可供執政者在婦幼衛生及環境政策推行的參考。

墾丁國家公園珊瑚礁韌性及在氣候變遷與人為擾動影響下維持珊瑚礁資源量的決定性因素

為了解決JLL 104的問題，作者雷若安 這樣論述：

Climate change and increasing anthropogenic pressures have profoundly transformed coral reef ecosystems. Increased Sea Surface Temperature (SST), ocean acidification, typhoon and bleaching events along with coastal development, eutrophication, overfishing, and many additional anthropogenic threats

are affecting coral reefs from the physiological to the ecosystem level. Resilience capacities of this ecosystem have been imperiled and their persistence in the near future is doubtful. With the recent prevision on climate change, there is an urgent need to develop a resilient system, which can fac

e future environmental modifications. Therefore, conciliating growing socio-economic demands with ecological conservation represents a challenge to sustain enduring coral reefs. In this study, we developed a transdisciplinary approach using ecosystem modeling to identify key parameters leveraging re

ef degradation, and their potential impact on the state of the coral reefs. To perform our project, we selected Kenting National Park (KNP), in Southern Taiwan, as this location is the shelter of an extraordinary reef biodiversity. Despite the implementation of MPAs within KNP, coral reefs have been

severely degraded by increasing natural and anthropogenic disturbances. For the study, benthic and fish data from > 100 sampling locations through KNP over a three-year period (2012-2015) were combined for the initial assessment of reef ecosystem. In 2015-2017, additional seasonal surveys were perf

ormed at 11 reefs to assess impacts of punctual disturbances, such as typhoons and bleaching events. Conditions and responses of communities were related to environmental conditions as well as both terrestrial and marine anthropogenic activities. These results were combined to inform an ecosystem mo

del encompassing 869.75 km2 of land and ocean. Modeling of coral ecosystem dynamics was based on a mass-balanced model constrained by land-sea interactions.Results of the environmental and ecological surveys (Chapter 2) showed that repeated storms in KNP kept thermal stress low, prevented extensive

bleaching, and mitigated the impacts of the 2015-2017 El Niño event. Typhoons offered temporary relief to reef organisms from the threat of bleaching. However, storm-induced local shifts from coral to macro-algae dominated states were observed. Typhoon frequency in KNP is likely to be responsible fo

r the low contribution of key coral functional groups, such as branching, foliose, and tabulate, into the benthic community. Synchronous storms and heatwaves could significantly influence local reef persistence, but could also decrease the structural complexity and diversity of Taiwanese reefs, impe

riling the reefs’ capacities to cope with climate change. The major loss of structural complexity within KNP, observed in Chapter 2, has highlighted the urge to better understand relations between the species composition of coral reefs, their structural complexity and their resilience capacities. To

fulfill this goal, we developed a new analystical approach based on classic ecological surveys and fine-scale depth dataset (Chapter 3). We could distinguish the relative contribution of structural complexity provided by the inhabiting organisms (micro-rugosity) from complexity derived from geologi

cal features (macro-rugosity). The relationships between rugosity patterns and reef functional groups were identified, highlighting conservation priorities of specific groups, along with sites that present higher recovery potential within KNP. Finally combining all the data from Chapters 2 and 3 wit

h historical dataset, we built an ecological model based on the interactions between 21 reef-associated functional groups and the natural and anthropogenic disturbances occurring within KNP (Chapter 4). Ultimately, the ecological processes recreated by the proposed model highlighted water quality de

gradations as a major driver of reef resilience loss in KNP. Based on identified relations between the ecosystem dynamics and the anthropogenic and natural disturbances, a set of five scenario was tested to estimate their potential impacts for the development of sustainable management strategies in

KNP. The overall results of this Ph.D., is offering a handful set of promising tools for scientists and managers to keep improving our understanding of reef resilience and to sustainably management reef associated resources.