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Computing the News: Data Journalism and the Search for Objectivity

為了解決united states翻譯的問題，作者 這樣論述：

Faced with a full-blown crisis, a growing number of journalists are engaging in seemingly unjournalistic practices such as creating and maintaining databases, handling algorithms, or designing online applications. ＂Data journalists＂ claim that these approaches help the profession demonstrate grea

ter objectivity and fulfill its democratic mission. In their view, computational methods enable journalists to better inform their readers, more closely monitor those in power, and offer deeper analysis.In Computing the News, Sylvain Parasie examines how data journalists and news organizations have

navigated the tensions between traditional journalistic values and new technologies. He traces the history of journalistic hopes for computing technology and contextualizes the surge of data journalism in the twenty-first century. By importing computational techniques and ways of knowing new to jour

nalism, news organizations have come to depend on a broader array of human and nonhuman actors. Parasie draws on extensive fieldwork in the United States and France, including interviews with journalists and data scientists as well as a behind-the-scenes look at several acclaimed projects in both co

untries. Ultimately, he argues, fulfilling the promise of data journalism requires the renewal of journalistic standards and ethics. Offering an in-depth analysis of how computing has become part of the daily practices of journalists, this book proposes ways for journalism to evolve in order to serv

e democratic societies.

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臺灣「獨立刊物」文化生產場域自主性研究

為了解決united states翻譯的問題，作者洪芷寧 這樣論述：

臺灣近年未似「主流圖書出版運行方式」現身的實體刊物中，其定名與風格皆無定論，本文暫以「獨立刊物」稱之，並以2011至2014年為時間範疇，認識到產製「獨立刊物」動機是個人表達或集群匯聚，風格多樣且不易以既有文類區分，例如：是來自文字或影（圖）像創作（攝影集或文字為主的刊物）、個人誌（zine或個資出版）、立基於地方或集群的觀點呈現（獨立音樂或書寫各主題），或者，紙本作為整體行動的其中一環（如文宣）。以刊物「實體」為索引，在各式相對定義下，行動者（產製與推廣者、讀者）與平臺的實作是「臺灣獨立刊物文化生產場域」的形成，也歷時而變動。以本文所及範圍而言，行動者形成的場域特性如述：行動者自生活空間至

地理幅員的特性，流露于刊物的產製材料與文本觀點；而行動者因認同而投入的產製方式，使成本組構異於主流圖書出版、亦豐富文本，來自不同領域行動者亦因而引動預期與非預期讀者。而今日釋義與類型多樣的「獨立刊物」與「獨立」意指，為行動者的著手實作「實體獨立刊物」的選擇與目標：是從刊物內容、產製過程到流通異於主流產製「以盈利為目標」的選擇，與期待個體「自我定位」到「集群特性」的成形，亦是行動者們感於現階段社會文化以經濟資本積累為重的現況，期待在場域中能有所平衡。尤其現階段（參與者比例未高），以推廣者角色而言，以「不侷限」保有「獨立」、「保持參與趣味」且「一人就可以獨立完成」作為時時容納「多樣化」之方，亦尚無

需論創作優劣或規模，也常見其以新詞義「zine、誌、紙本」使定義不固著，且不以「獨立」作為下一項值得大量、單向消費之標的；因此，當下行動者的「獨立」概念辨識與實作形成場域特性，亦為自主性的形成。因此，產製「物」是選擇，亦是相遇關鍵。現階段以實體相對稀少為表，「不以積累經濟資本為最大目標」是異質「獨立刊物」的匯聚內涵，遂見各文類與內容同時出現類似平臺，並因特性（而非文類或品味）相似互成讀者與社群，這樣不分類別的串聯是現有實景：獨立書店-出版社、獨立音樂-廠牌、獨立媒體-組織、到各領域個人-集群之刊物-文宣-物件，匯流並不陌生。而討論「獨立」概念時，出版物質條件與文學出版歷時轉變、一九八○以降的出

版自由與「非主流」、九○年代後產製工具普及與數位化脈絡，亦時而浮現。時至今日，以「獨立刊物」行動者的實作軌跡與目標，認識一種產製方法與其場域自主的論題，與各自的實作目標併行。

The Last American Newspaper: An Institution in Peril, Through the Eyes of a Small-Town Editor

為了解決united states翻譯的問題，作者Tingley, Ken 這樣論述：

This book reveals what is happening in small communities across the United States as their newspapers struggle to survive. It is a celebration not just of journalism, but of the inspirational people who do it and the news and events of small towns. Importantly, it asks the question: who will be t

he community watchdog of the future? This book memorializes the American newspaper through the story of the Post-Star of Glens Falls, NY. The author, a devoted veteran of the Post-Star, compiles a series of vignettes that depict the newspaper’s coverage over the years. They provide a glimpse behind

the newsroom curtain through the stories of the investigative journalism done in small towns.